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For campaigners like Ashton Kutcher, sex slavery is an easy-to-recognise phenomenon with a single obvious cure, rescue: first by police and then by social workers. And despite rescuers’ avowed respect for personal stories, they never listen to voices that criticise this cure. The poster below was made by migrant sex workers (they call themselves that) in Chiang Mai, Thailand, at the EMPOWER centre. I have posted it before but so many people are still unaware of the problems associated with Rescue that I like to re-run it. See for yourself the reasons workers at Barn Su Funn Brothel gave for denouncing raids and rescue operations intended to liberate them, whether rescuers are police officers, ngo employees or even celebrities and then think twice about how you will Fix Their Lives so easily.

• We lose our savings and our belongings.
• We are locked up.
• We are interrogated by many people.
• They force us to be witnesses.
• We are held until the court case.
• We are held till deportation.
• We are forced re-training.
• We are not given compensation by anybody.
• Our family must borrow money to survive while we wait.
• Our family is in a panic.
• We are anxious for our family.
• Strangers visit our village telling people about us.
• The village and the soldiers cause our family problems.
• Our family has to pay ‘fines’ or bribes to the soldiers.
• We are sent home.
• Military abuses and no work continues at home.
• My family has a debt.
• We must find a way back to Thailand to start again.

The poster brings us close to a situation many people doubt: that poorer migrants selling sex often prefer to continue what they’re doing to being forcibly rescued by people on anti-trafficking crusades. This is not to cast doubt on many helpers’ good intentions or the genuine rescue of some individuals. But it shows how rescue agents haven’t consulted the prostitutes they want to save first, to find out whether they want to be helped and, if they do, what kind of help would actually be helpful. The poster makes it clear that cutting migrant women off from their source of income has drastic consequences for themselves and their families.

This does not mean that they or I deny the existence of abusive practices inflicted during smuggling and trafficking operations. It means that an ideological stance that claims all migrants doing sex work have been victims of such practices is wrong. Check the rescue tag to read more, including stories of sex workers resisting arrest and fleeing from rescuers.

During my years of researching this subject, I have met migrants of myriad nationalities, in many countries, in bars, brothels, shelters, ngo offices, streets, clubs and houses. Some had had bad experiences, some had not recovered from them yet, some were getting on with the next stage of their lives, some enjoyed doing sex work, many had adapted to it as the best option of the moment. For those who want to read more about it, my book Sex at the Margins has lots of details. Here’s another view:

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The Disappearing of a Migration Category: Migrants Who Sell Sex is the article that broke the ice about women who travel and sell sex for a living. I submitted it to a journal I knew would be sympathetic in 2004, but it took them two and a half years to publish it – that’s how hard it was to find peer reviewers who would actually review the article rather than angrily dismiss it as wrong. The premise was obvious: Although migration had come to form a large interesting international field of study, with all sorts of subcategories and theories, migrants who sell sex were not mentioned anywhere. That was the topic of the article – the disappearing of a group, and ideas about why.

I am glad to say that the article opened the door for a generation of researchers who before that could find little or no academic work to refer to when trying to explain what their research was showing them: that many migrant women preferred selling sex to their other options, whatever those were and wherever they came from. Many younger researchers (such as phd students) were doing ethnographic research with migrants, which meant getting to know them sometimes quite well and hearing the details of their lives. Whether or not these researchers assumed beforehand that migrants who sell sex are all forced or trafficked into it, their research revealed that such an assumption is often wrong. Of course there were other researchers finding people who did feel forced and trafficked: the point is there was and is a lot of variation, but this was not acknowledged. The abstract of the article reads:

Migrant women selling sex are generally neglected by migration and diaspora studies. The moral panic on ‘trafficking’, a prolonged debate within feminism on commercial sex and some activists’ attempts to conflate the concept of ‘prostitution’ with ‘trafficking’ combine to shift study of these migrants to domains of criminology and feminism, with the result that large numbers of women’s migrations are little known. This article reveals the silences at work and where the attention goes, and theorises that the shift from conventional study to moral outrage facilitates the avoidance of uncomfortable truths for Western societies: their enormous demand for sexual services and the fact that many women do not mind or prefer this occupation to others available to them.

Click to get the article: The Disappearing of a Migration Category Migrants Who Sell Sex
Laura Agustín, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(1), 29-47, 2006.

–Laura Agustín, the Naked Anthropologist

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I first published this piece in 2002, but its message is truer than ever as rescue operations presently receive large amounts of funding in many parts of the world. I am republishing it here since so many new people have entered a research field and joined social movements to save people without understanding how it all started – in conversations about women and travel. Note: Since all brothels are ‘legal’ in Sydney I shouldn’t have used the word, which implies there are also ‘illegal’ brothels. Thanks to Scarlet Alliance for the correction.

The (Crying) Need for Different Kinds of Research

Laura Agustín,  June 2002, Research for Sex Work 5, 30-32. pdf

In October 2001, while on a trip to Australia and Thailand, I met five Latin American women with some connection to the sex industry: the owner of a (legal) brothel and two migrants working for her in Sydney, and two women in a detention centre for illegal immigrants in Bangkok. These five women were from Peru, Colombia and Venezuela; they were from different strata of society; they were very different ages. They also all had quite different stories to tell.

The brothel owner now had permanent residence in Australia. Her migrant workers had come on visas to study English which gave them the right to work, but getting the visa had required paying for the entire eight-month course in advance, which meant acquiring large debts. The Madam was very affectionate with them but also very controlling; they lived in her house and travelled with her to work. She was teaching them the business; the outreach workers from a local project did not speak Spanish.

Of the two women detained in Bangkok, one had been stopped in the Tokyo airport with a false visa for Japan. She had been invited by her sister, who had been an illegal sex worker but now was an illegal vendor within the milieux. The woman had been deported to the last stage of her journey, Bangkok; there she had been in jail for a year before being sent to the detention centre. The second detained woman had been caught on-camera in a robbery being carried out by her boyfriend and others in Bangkok, after travelling around with them in Hong Kong and Singapore; she had just completed a three-year jail sentence before being sent to the centre (and she also had completely false papers, including a change of nationality).

Both detained women were waiting for someone to pay their plane fare home, but no one was offering to do this, since their degree of complicity in their situations disqualified them from aid to victims of trafficking, and not all Latin American countries maintain embassies in Thailand. Only one person from local NGOs visiting the detention centre spoke Spanish.

How can we understand these stories?

Given the very different stories these women have to tell, labelling them either ‘migrant sex workers’ or ‘victims of trafficking’ is incorrect and unhelpful to an understanding of why and how they have arrived at their present situations. The placing of labels is largely a subjective judgement dependent on the researcher of the moment and is not the way women talk about themselves, something like the attempt to make complicated subjects fit into a pre-printed form. The following descriptions illustrate this complexity.

While the two new migrants in Sydney seemed accepting of the work they had just begun doing, there was clearly ambiguity about the significance of the language course on which their visas were based, and their debts did not leave them much choice about what jobs to do.

The migrant to Japan believed she would not have to sell sex, but her own family had been involved in getting her the false papers, and she was suffering considerable guilt and anguish. The woman caught in the robbery seemed to have sold sex during her travels, but without any particular intention or destination being involved, nor did she give the matter much importance. The total number of outsiders implicated in their journeys and their jobs was large; nationalities mentioned were Pakistani, Turkish and Mexican. The need for research to understand how all these connections happen is urgent, but funders are unlikely to finance research that does not fit into one of the currently acceptable theoretical frameworks: ‘AIDS prevention’, ‘violence against women’ or ‘trafficking’.

These frameworks reflect particular political concerns arising in the context of ‘globalisation’, and they are understandable. Elements of the stories of people such as those I have described may share features with typical discourses on ‘trafficking’, ‘violence against women’ and ‘AIDS’, but these are prejudiced, moralistic frameworks that begin from a political position and are not open to results that do not fit (for example, a woman who admits that she knew she would be doing sex work abroad and willingly paid someone to falsify papers for her).

The desires of young people to travel, see the world, make a lot of money and not pay much attention to the kind of jobs they do along the way are not acceptable to researchers that begin from moral positions; neither are the statements by professional sex workers that they choose and prefer the work they do. Yet ethical research simply may not depart from the claim that the subjects investigated do not know their own minds.

Why do we do research, anyway?

A theoretical framework refers to the overall idea that motivates services or research projects. For service projects with sex workers this framework might be a religious mission to help people in danger, a medical concept of reducing harm or a vision of solidarity or social justice. Most projects with sex workers focus on providing services, not doing research, though often the line between them is not easy to draw.

Service projects accumulate a lot of information over time, but it seems as though the only thing governments want to know about is people’s nationalities, how old they are, when they first had sex and whether they know what a condom is. Many NGO and outreach workers would like to publish other kinds of information, research other kinds of things. But where, how? If their research proposal does not reflect one of the existing research frameworks regarding migrant prostitution – ‘AIDS prevention’, ‘trafficking’ or ‘violence against women’ – it will be hard if not impossible to find funding.

Some of my own research concerns people who work with sex workers, like the people who read this publication. Read the rest of this entry »

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Protocols attached to the UN Convention on Transnational Organised Crime (Palermo, 2000) attempt to distinguish between the trafficking and smuggling of people. The trafficking protocol explicitly mentions women, children, coercion and prostitution and fails to mention the will to travel. The smuggling protocol, in contrast, discusses men as migrants and does not mention sex or prostitution. This gender bias has several negative, confusing effects and is far from vaunted goals of Gender Equality.

  • Women are positioned as sexually vulnerable above all
  • Women are lumped with children as though we were children
  • Women are not seen as capable of initiating migrations
  • Women are not seen as capable of preferring to sell sex over other options
  • Men are not seen as capable of being trafficked in the worst sense
  • Men are not seen as capable of preferring to sell sex over other options
  • Men are associated with dodgy behaviour such as paying someone to help them get around the rules

The following three news clips illustrate how sex and gender often have little to do with irregular (also known as unauthorised, undocumented and illegal) travel. These incidents would be called smuggling. In at least two of the following cases migrants can’t be called undocumented, because papers have been provided for them – just not their own correct papers.  The point is that many skilled smugglers and traffickers go about their business without resorting to the sort of obvious violence and near-kidnapping that makes sensational stories. Whether a candidate for travelling abroad to work considers selling sex or not, his or her best route is to find someone to arrange for convincing papers. While campaigners shriek about near-kidnappings and women in chains, the industry in false papers goes on its sophisticated way. This is one reason why queues get longer and slower at borders. Note in two of the following cases that officials (one from an embassy and one from a national immigration bureaucracy) are the smugglers.

NB: The fact that false papers were provided does not mean that no traumatic experiences were involved for migrants, that there was no violence or that they knew exactly what they were getting into. We also don’t know which jobs they got or whether they liked them. Sex is not the defining element to these stories, yet many migrants who sell sex use these conventional, if illegal, methods for entering other countries.

CASE 1 – ICE Investigator Arrested For Accepting Bribe

World Journal,  Nov 29, 2008

NEW YORK – U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) investigator Pedro Cintron was arrested for taking bribes from human smugglers and helping them to illegally transport Chinese people from Ecuador to the United States. The World Journal reports that once convicted, he could be sentenced into prison for up to 57 years. Cintron, 52, investigated Chinese human smuggling from Ecuador to the United States in 2004 and 2005. He took over $20,000 bribe from the smuggler and helped several Chinese successfully land to the United States.

CASE 2 – Dominican Diplomat Arrested for Smuggling Dozens to US

CaribWorldNews, Dec 09, 2008

NEW YORK — An employee at the Consulate of the Dominican Republic in New York City has been arrested on charges of migrant smuggling.

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents have arrested 48 year-old, Francisco Estevez, also known as “Danilo,” on charges of using his family’s passports and consular visas to bring dozens of illegal aliens into the United States from the Dominican Republic during 2007 through 2008.

According to the indictment unsealed Monday in Manhattan federal court, as a full-time employee at a consular post, Estevez held a diplomatic visa that allowed him and his family members-his mother, wife, and six children-to enter and reside in the United States. In addition, he and his family were entitled to receive expedited process at passport control at the airport.

Commencing in approximately October 2007, up to and including July 2008, Estevez allegedly took advantage of his A-2 visa status to smuggle into the United States numerous Dominican nationals who posed as members of Estevez’s family, using the family’s passports and A-2 visas. Estevez made on average two trips per month to the Dominican Republic to identify aliens who could pose as members of his family and charged each alien approximately $10,000 to bring the migrants into the country illegally.

Estevez is charged with two counts of alien smuggling and if convicted, faces a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison. He was arrested Friday upon his entry into the United States and is scheduled appear today before a United States Magistrate Judge in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

CASE 3 – Filipino Admits to Smuggling Immigrants Into US

California Journal For Filipino Americans,  Jun 28, 2006

PHILADELPHIA – A Filipino man has admitted to smuggling an estimated 25 undocumented immigrants into the United States on stolen third-country passports for which they paid as much as $15,000 each, reports California Journal For Filipino Americans. Roehl Rivera, 41, of Cabanatuan City, Philippines, smuggled undocumented immigrants between May 2005 and January 2006 on Continental Airlines flights from Hong Kong to Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey, according to prosecuting attorney Christopher Christie. Rivera and three others were detained at the airport on Jan. 6. They were caught traveling on altered passports illegally obtained from Micronesia’s embassy in the United States. Rivera, who is charged with conspiracy to smuggle illegal immigrants for private financial gain, faces up to five years in federal prison and a $250,000 fine.

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13 giugno 2011 ore 17.30

presenta

Sex at the Margins: Cosa dicono le/i migranti che svolgono sex work sul proprio viaggio

Introduzione:
Pia Covre del Comitato per i Diritti Civili delle Prostitute

Relatrice:
Laura Maria Agustín, The Naked Anthropologist

Dibattito con il pubblico

Conclusioni:
Assunta Signorelli

Presenta e Modera:
Silva Bon, Presidente della Casa Internazionale delle Donne

Nella nostra società le sex workers diventano un pò meno “cattive ragazze” solo se associate ad un immaginario di vittimizzazione che le vede povere immigrate in balia del pappone di turno che le sfrutta. Non crediamo sia possibile ridurre tutte le donne che praticano lavoro sessuale a vittime, perché a svolgere questo tipo di lavoro non sono soltanto donne. La realtà è molto più complessa, fatta delle scelte individuali di ognuna, scelte legate alla voglia d’indipendenza, alla propria condizione materiale, ai percorsi migratori che si scontrano con le leggi della fortezza Europa di Schengen, alle politiche ed al discorso pubblico in materia di prostituzione, nonché alle disuguaglianze di genere e alla discriminazione sociale.

Ne discutiamo con Laura Agustin, autrice di Sex at the Margins: Migration, Labour Markets and the Rescue Industry

Casa Internazionale delle Donne
Via Pisoni 3, Trieste, Italia

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Original: The Shadowy World of Sex Across Borders, par Laura Agustín, 19 novembre 2008, The Guardian. Traduction par Thierry Schaffauser.

Note: J’ai écrit ceci car la Ministre de l’Intérieur du Royaume-Uni a lancé sa proposition législative visant à criminaliser l’achat de sexe auprès des personnes «contrôlées pour le gain d’une autre personne». Une tentative précédente de criminaliser tout achat de sexe, s’est toujours fait conspuer. Cette version de la demande abolitionniste est totalement inapplicable, ainsi que stupide et condescendante envers les hommes et les femmes en général. Non seulement les étranger(e)s, ceux-celles qui ont la peau brune, les ‘autres’ en seraient la cible – mais les britanniques blanc(he)s ordinaires qui seront considéré(e)s comme insuffisamment indépendant(e)s pourrait être accusé(e)s d’être «contrôlé(e)s» par d’autres. Ce n’est que dans cette ligne de travail que les gens sont tenus de travailler seuls et en isolement – aucun lieu de travail, managers, collègues ne sont permis!

Le monde mystérieux du sexe à travers les frontières
par Laura Agustín, 19 novembre 2008, The Guardian.

Les dernières propositions du gouvernement pour les travailleurs du sexe ne contribuent guère à résoudre le problème de la traite des êtres humains

Aujourd’hui, le gouvernement propose que payer pour des rapports sexuels avec celles qui sont “contrôlées au profit d’une autre personne» soit une infraction pénale. En haut de la liste sont les victimes de la traite, et la défense des clients qu’ils ne savaient pas que les femmes auront été victimes de la traite est déclarée irrecevable. Mais les clients peuvent encore avoir une issue. Comment, demanderont ils, la police peut elle prouver que les travailleurs du sexe ont été victimes de la traite?

La police aura à identifier les vraies victimes de la traite en vue d’identifier les clients en défaut – une entreprise notoirement difficile. Dans quelques cas très médiatisés, des victimes auto-identifiées nomment et aident à trouver leurs exploiteurs, et parfois ces trafiquants sont poursuivis avec succès. Mais ces cas sont rares. Plus souvent, il est difficile de signaler des migrants qui ne savaient rien au sujet de leurs emplois futurs, qui n’ont rien accepté de leurs voyages illicites et qui sont prêts à dénoncer leurs agresseurs, qui peuvent être des amis de la famille ou d’anciens amis et amants.

Plus d’une décennie auparavant, tout en travaillant dans un organisme de prévention du SIDA dans les Caraïbes, j’ai visité une petite ville célèbre pour être un marché pour la migration informelle. Dans un café, un garçon m’a offert tout ce que j’aurais demandé en retour pour l’aider à atteindre n’importe quel endroit en Europe. Plus tard, j’ai rencontré une femme déterminée à voyager vers Paris pour travailler. Très informés sur les prix, elle évitait les courtiers promettant de “s’occuper de tout”.

J’ai visité un village où la plupart des familles parlaient avec fierté des filles qui les entretenaient en vendant du sexe à l’étranger. Et j’ai rencontré beaucoup de gens qui ont organisé des documents et des transports pour les voyageurs, certains contre frais de chargement et d’autres comme obligation familiale. Les chercheurs comprennent ces réseaux sociaux et les stratégies communautaires utilisés pour obtenir les migrations en cours. Si peu d’emplois sont disponibles à la maison, les institutions locales tentent rarement d’empêcher de tels voyages. Pour ceux qui sont impliqués, ce voyage peut se ressentir irrégulier, mais non criminel, étant donné le marché du travail pour les migrants à l’étranger.

Le hic, c’est que la plupart des emplois disponibles ne sont pas reconnus par les régimes nationaux d’immigration qui ne valorisent que des professionnels hautement formés et de l’emploi du secteur formel. Les permis de travail ne sont pas accordés pour des emplois à faible prestige dans les cuisines, les ateliers clandestins, boîtes de nuit ou dans l’agriculture. La réglementation stricte des marchés du travail peut être décrite comme un moyen de promouvoir l’augmentation des travailleurs non autorisés.

La convention des Nations unies contre la criminalité transnationale organisée essaie de faire la distinction entre la traite et le passage clandestin d’êtres humains, mais il ya encore une certaine confusion sur ce que veut dire quoi. Le protocole sur la traite mentionne les femmes, la coercition et la prostitution, mais pas la volonté de migrer, alors que le Protocole contre le passage clandestin parle des hommes comme de migrants. Des réunions pour parvenir à des définitions ont été prolongées et avec conflit, et le désaccord sévit encore sur ce que les mots clés tels que la coercition, la force et la tromperie veulent dire dans des situations concrètes.

Nul ne peut avoir les bonnes statistiques là où les déplacements impliquent de faux papiers ou des visas dépassés et où les emplois sont dans l’économie informelle. Le rapport du gouvernement fédéral américain annuel sur la traite repose sur des estimations approximatives de la CIA, la police et l’ambassade, des situations qui ne sont pas comprises de la même façon dans toutes les cultures et classes sociales. Quelques chiffres pour les victimes de la traite se référent à tous les migrants qui se prostituent, tandis que d’autres exigent la preuve que les victimes ne savait rien de ce qui se passait. Pour prouver un cas, les enquêteurs doivent se concentrer intensément et longuement, et la connaissance de plusieurs cultures, des contextes politiques et des langues sont nécessaires. Même alors, les histoires ont tendance à être ambiguës et les victimes impliquées dans la faute.

Une migration réussie exige une certaine sophistication et l’accès aux réseaux sociaux fournissant des connaissances, des contacts et de l’expertise. Les migrants les trouvent entre amis, familles et petits entrepreneurs récents, la plupart d’entre eux ne seraient pas qualifiables de criminalité organisée, avec ses accents démoniaques, ou même comme des gangsters. Cela permet de tenir compte de l’échec de la police de localiser un grand nombre de trafiquants: les migrants ne sont pas désireux de dénoncer les gens qui les ont aidés, même quand ils n’ont pas obtenu l’accord qu’ils espéraient. Les migrants qui réussissent doivent être aventureux, flexibles dans la prise de risques, ils sont souvent fiers des tribulations qu’ils ont survécu.

Certains imaginent la migration impliquant de la vente du sexe comme fondamentalement différente, car ils considèrent le sexe comme intrinsèque à l’autonomie de soi et ruiné par l’argent. D’autres considèrent le sexe comme une activité humaine comme une autre engagée pour toutes sortes de raisons. Ce qui n’est pas réaliste est d’exiger que tous les migrants qui vendent du sexe soient complètement forcés ou totalement libres. Beaucoup de ces migrants objectent d’être catalogués comme des victimes passives – une affiche que des travailleurs d’un bordel de Chiang Mai, en Thaïlande, liste la façon dont les opérations de sauvetage causent du mal. Cela ne veut pas dire que la situation est juste ou que personne ne souffre, mais plutôt que les sauveteurs ne comprennent souvent pas.

Si, comme de nombreux commentateurs du Guardian le déclarent, vous croyez qu’une femme britannique puisse préférer vendre des services sexuels à d’autres options, alors vous devez autoriser cette possibilité aux personnes d’autres nationalités, qu’elles vivent en dehors de leur pays d’origine ou non. Tout le reste est du colonialisme. C’est de la même condescendance que de déclarer qu’elles ont toujours été obligés de migrer, comme si elles n’avaient aucune volonté, préférence ou capacité à planifier une nouvelle vie.

Le problème avec la proposition du gouvernement de criminaliser l’achat de services sexuels de celles “contrôlées pour le gain” (qu’elles soient migrantes ou citoyennes du Royaume-Uni) est de savoir comment définir le contrôle – un autre mot au sens glissant qui ne concorde pas avec les relations qui peuvent entraîner un sentiment d’affection et d’obligation ainsi que de la coercition et de la tromperie. Les clients des travailleurs du sexe ne peuvent exiger que les procureurs prouvent l’improuvable: que les migrants sont sans ambiguïté exploités contre leur gré et souhaitent instantanément être expulsés – ou, comme le gouvernement l’a dit, rendus à leurs familles et leurs maisons.

Le caractère clandestin de la migration promeut toutes les formes d’exploitation. Mais ces réseaux ont toujours existé. C’est seulement avec l’actuelle hyper-anxiété sur l’industrie du sexe que le côté entrepreneurial du franchissement des frontières est attaqué en masse, comme si une nouvelle course aux fléaux tentait de conquérir le monde civilisé.

Il ne devrait pas être si difficile de maintenir deux idées en même temps: certaines personnes préfèrent vendre des services sexuels à d’autres options, peu importe où elles sont nées, tandis que d’autres personnes trouvent cela insupportable. Certains migrants sont maltraités par les intermédiaires ou ne veulent pas migrer du tout, tandis que d’autres migrants reçoivent plus ou moins ce qu’ils veulent en payant des gens pour les aider. Le plus grand problème est la quasi-impossibilité d’obtenir les autorisations légales et des visas fondés sur l’emploi du secteur informel. Si ce problème été amélioré, ceux qui ne veulent pas vendre des services sexuels pourraient se diriger vers d’autres emplois, et ceux qui le veulent ne seraient pas préoccupés par la persécution de la police – ou, en effet, d’être secourus quand ils ne veulent pas l’être.

–Laura Agustín, the Naked Anthropologist

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In accusations of rape and other sorts of sexual aggression, those who were not there can only imagine what actually happened, which is why so many judicial cases fail to convict the accused. Because no matter how much smoke and bluster all sides throw up, judges and juries in the end often confront a he said-she said scenario in which the level of consent to acts is impossible to know. This applies everywhere, including to the case of Dominique Strauss-Kahn and a hotel maid.

The maid was a migrant – that’s why I am writing about it, although the case may be interesting for many other reasons. Her name seems to be Nafissatou Diallo, and she may have come to New York from Guinea or, according to which source you look at, from some other west African country, and maybe it was three years ago or perhaps it was ten, frustrating some writers. But no matter where she came from or when, conspiracy theorists fail to consider how generally unlikely it is that a migrant person who has managed to obtain a steady job with an employer of some reputation, Sofitel, would risk losing that job. Her employment is important to the case because for a migrant it means legal security of a kind not easily available, and on the basis of this alone I find it hard to imagine Diallo would fabricate an accusation against a guest, or engage in a sexual romp with one, for that matter.

Reporters sniffing around to find more about her are finding neighbours who testify to how quiet and ‘good’ she is – the stereotypical counterpart to insinuations that a woman is slutty or ‘bad’. Mentions of her being a practicing muslim, a headscarf-wearer and a single mother are all just as demeaning as claims that she is suspect because she does not wear a scarf or go to a mosque. It’s all sexist drivel. Automatic feminist calls to support the woman are not much better, resting on a gender-rigid idea that the man in the case is suspect by definition. Note Le traitement de l’affaire DSK entretient la confusion des esprits and L’« affaire Strauss-Kahn » : confusion des genres. Perhaps, though, it is beginning to feel more feasible for women to publicly accuse men of sexual crimes, without fear that they will be automatically disbelieved. That would be nice.

It would also be nice for commentators on France’s culture of discretion over public figures’ sex lives to realise that sexual assault and rape do not actually fall into the category sex life as usually conceived.

The Sofitel Times Square where events took place has a magnifique theme, public rooms named for the usual Paris sites: Bastille, Concorde, Madeleine, Montmartre, St Germain, Trocadero. The claim from a friend of DSK that it is suspicious the maid would be working alone in the hotel room is debunked by someone who’s actually stayed in it, who also says the place is not so fancy after all, despite the price. Side note: the BBC World Debate people put me in a Sofitel in Luxor, Egypt, last December whose four stars must have been bought, so crappily ordinary was it.

–Laura Agustín, the Naked Anthropologist

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Il y avait des footnotes dans cet essai, mais pendant le processus de convertir en endnotes les numéros sont perdus. Les endnotes sans numéros se trouvent au bout de la page. Désolée.

Remettre en question la notion de ‘place’: Quitter son pays pour le sexe

ConStellation, 8, 1, 51-65. Traduction par Stella (Montréal).

Laura Mª Agustín

D’abord publié dans Development, 45.1, printemps 2002, dans le cadre du projet dirigé par la Société de Développement International (Rome) sur ‘La Femme et les conséquences politiques de sa place’.

Dès que les gens migrent, ils ont tendance à songer à l’endroit où ils sont nés sentimentalement. Ils évoquent de chaleureuses images de leurs proches, des objets de la vie de tous les jours, de leurs rituels, des chansons, de la nourriture. Dans toutes les cultures, beaucoup de fêtes religieuses et nationales réifient certains concepts comme le ‘chez soi’ et la ‘famille’, habituellement par des images d’un passé folklorique. Dans ce contexte, la migration est perçue comme étant un ultime recours, un déplacement désespéré et les déplacés comme étant privés de l’endroit auquel ils ‘appartiennent’. Pourtant pour des millions d’individus tout autour de la Terre, il n’est ni réaliste, ni désirable d’entreprendre des projets plus adultes ou plus ambitieux au lieu de naissance; et changer de lieu de vie est une solution conventionnelle — pas traumatisante.

Comment cette décision de se déplacer se produit-elle? Les tremblements de terre, les conflits armés, les maladies ou le manque de nourriture contraignent certaines personnes, ne leur laissant pas beaucoup de choix ni de temps pour considérer leurs options: ces gens sont parfois appelés des réfugiés. Quand un homme célibataire décide de voyager, son geste est généralement vu comme une évolution entendue, le produit de son ambition ‘normale’ et masculine d’améliorer son lot par son travail: on l’appelle un migrant. Puis, il y a le cas de la femme qui tente d’en faire autant. Read the rest of this entry »

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Jag har en artikel i aprils Arena. Upplagans tema: Invandraren är tillbaka. Vilka är vi och dom? och min artikel heter Migranten som resenär. Troligen är det första gången en sån behandling av migration och sex publiceras på svenska (jag skrev inte den titel, som är lite lam).

For those who thought it was impossible, an article of mine in the magazine Arena, whose April theme is migration. My article is called The Migrant as traveller and is about migration, gender, sex, tourism, neocolonialism and trafficking. The title is weak, and I didn’t choose it, but my opinions were not modified for or by the publication. The cover shown at the right shows someone being stamped them, as in us and them.

–Laura Agustín, the Naked Anthropologist

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Three people asked me about sex work as a service last week, so I thought I would re-run A Migrant World of Services , my first article published in an academic journal, in 2003. In it I tried to figure out why sexual services are thought to be so different from other kinds of services, why selling sex is disqualified by so many people who say it cannot be a job or a service. I looked critically at traditional economic concepts such as the distinction between productive and unproductive labour and the distinction between  formal and informal employment sectors. These concepts are entirely arbitrary and produce oppression for no good reason. The majority of women’s work in homes is called unproductive (…) and probably the majority of women’s jobs outside the home are called informal, which means they get screwed both ways, to put it bluntly. The article also looks at the idea of emotional and caring work, central to many services.

A Migrant World of Services (pdf)

Social Politics, 10, 3, 377-96 (2003)

Laura Maria Agustín

Abstract: There is a strong demand for women’s domestic, caring and sexual labour in Europe which promotes migrations from many parts of the world. This paper examines the history of concepts that marginalise these as unproductive services (and not really ‘work’) and questions why the west accepts the semi-feudal conditions and lack of regulations pertaining to this sector. The moral panic on ‘trafficking’ and the limited feminist debate on ‘prostitution’ contribute to a climate that ignores the social problems of the majority of women migrants.

In a variety of scenarios in different parts of Europe, non-Europeans are arriving with the intention to work; these are largely migrant women and transgender people from the ‘third world’ or from Central and Eastern Europe and countries of the former Soviet Union. The jobs available to these women in the labour market are overwhelmingly limited to three basic types: domestic work (cleaning, cooking and general housekeeping), ‘caring’ for people in their homes (children, the elderly, the sick and disabled) and providing sexual experiences in a wide range of venues known as the sex industry. All these jobs are generally said to be services.

In the majority of press accounts, migrant women are presented as selling sex in the street, while in public forums and academic writing, they are constructed as ‘victims of trafficking.’ The obsession with ‘trafficking’ obliterates not only all the human agency necessary to undertake migrations but the experiences of migrants who do not engage in sex work. Many thousands of women who more or less chose to sell sex as well as all women working in domestic or caring service are ‘disappeared’ when moralistic and often sensationalistic topics are the only ones discussed. One of the many erased subjects concerns the labour market—the demand—for the services of all these women. The context to which migrants arrive is not less important than the context from which they leave, often carelessly described as ‘poverty’ or ‘violence.’ This article addresses the European context for women migrants’ employment in these occupations. Though domestic and caring work are usually treated as two separate jobs, very often workers do both, and these jobs also often require sexual labour, though this is seldom recognised. All this confusion and ambiguity occurs within a frame that so far has escaped definition.

For the rest, get the pdf.

–Laura Agustín, the Naked Anthropologist

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